Monday, November 21, 2011

Pharmacy Acquisitions and EBITDA in Alabama

By Brad MacLiver
Authorship and profile at Google


EBITDA is an acronym for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and is often used to measure the value of some businesses. It can also be used in the comparison of similar companies.

Generally, EBITDA makes it easier to evaluate various companies and to compare them against industry averages by removing the non-core and irregular operating costs, such as interest, which can vary depending on the management’s choice of financing, taxes which can fluctuate depending on acquisitions or losses from prior years, and arbitrary factors of depreciation and amortization.

The EBITDA formula can be used as a guideline when valuing larger companies, or when comparing the profitability of large similar companies in the same industry.

For the effective use of EBITDA, these larger companies should possess significant assets, have heavy amortization schedules, or bear substantial amounts of debt. Considering independent pharmacies don’t meet that criteria, this formula is not a useful measure as the sole means for valuing Alabama pharmacies for acquisition purposes.

To Calculate EBITDA:
1. First, calculate the business' net income by obtaining total income and subtract total expenses.
2. Then determine the total value of taxes paid to federal, state, and local governments.
3. Determine interest fees that will be paid to companies or individuals for the use of credit, or capital.
4. Establish the cost of depreciation, which is the expense recorded in order to allocate a tangible asset's cost over its useful life.
5. Determine the cost of amortization, which is the expense for the consumption intangible assets' (like goodwill, patents, and copyrights) value over a specific period of time or the asset's expected life.
6. Add values #1 through #5 together.

EBITDA calculation example:

1. Net Income            3,500
2. + Taxes paid            750
3. + Interest Expenses     450
4. + Depreciation          250
5. + Amortization          150
6. = EBITDA              5,100

EBIDTA has several hindurances, such as:
1. It is easy to confused the number with cash flow.
2. EBIDTA can make even firms that are completely unprofitable appear to be financially healthy.
3. Its numbers are simple to manipulate.
4. The formula can overlook cash requirements for growth in accounts receivable.
5. It is easy to miss cash requirements for growth in inventories.
6. EBIDTA is not factual when valuing small companies.
7. For companies with few assets, small amounts of debt, or low depreciation or amortization schedules, EBITDA is ineffective.

EBITDA was being used in the past to estimate cash flow during a company buyout to calculate whether or not companies could service their debt. By factoring out interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, this allowed for unprofitable businesses to appear financially healthy. This method of valuation was also used extensively during the dotcom era to value unprofitable businesses, with few assets, little earnings, and the results from that method caused many to go bust. This was a blaring example of misapplying EBITDA.

Knowledgeable pharmacy specialists performing Alabama pharmacy business valuations will use EBITDA in retail and specialty pharmacy valuations, but only as part of a larger formula when computing values for specialty AL pharmacies especially those who have a niche in HIV, disease management, long term care, etc. However, EBITDA does not need to be used as part of the usual formula for standard retail pharmacy acquisitions in Alabama.

The EBITDA number for a specific existing pharmacy is important, for the most part, when the existing ownership is establishing their store value for the purpose of a line of credit, borrowing, creating a Trust, stock values, etc., but EBITDA does not have the same importance when selling a Alabama pharmacy. This is due to the fact the buyer will not have the same expenses as the seller.

Buyers may not have the same tax base, interest expense, or the same depreciation schedule, thus it is important that the buyer calculate an estimated EBITDA that is specific to their operating model, business systems, buying power, cost of operations, etc., not the sellers. It should also be noted that EBITDA assumes that the buyer will acquire all of the assets, working capital, accounts receivable, and liabilities. Those assumptions do not hold true regarding an acquisition of a pharmacy. Instead of the EBITDA number, pharmacy buyers in Alabama should be focusing on sales, gross profit, cash flow, and customer mix.

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